What is Alpha-Fetoprotein?

Has your doctor requested an Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test, and you're wondering what it is? When does the doctor order its measurement? What are the normal levels of it? Keep reading the article to find out the answer and other details.

What is Alpha Fetoprotein?

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced by liver cells, intestines, and the yolk sac of a developing fetus. It is the main protein during the first three months of pregnancy, and its levels decrease shortly after birth, specifically when the child is about a year old.

In normal circumstances, healthy adults and children have a small amount of it in their blood. Elevated levels are associated with certain health disorders such as liver problems (inflammation or cirrhosis) or specific types of cancer. Abnormal levels during pregnancy indicate fetal defects or genetic conditions such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, or spina bifida.

Alpha-Fetoprotein Test

Now, let's talk about the test related to this protein:

• When is the AFP test performed?

The doctor orders a test for Alpha Fetoprotein levels if they suspect the person has liver problems, liver cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, or cancers of the brain, mediastinum (chest), or blood. It may also be requested to monitor cancer treatment or to determine if cancer has recurred after treatment.

In pregnant women, the doctor usually orders it between weeks 16 - 22 of pregnancy, especially for pregnant women with diabetes, those over 35 years old, or if there is a family history of birth defects to examine fetal problems.

• How is this test performed?

The Alpha Fetoprotein test is done by drawing a blood sample from a vein in the person's arm using a needle. This test does not require any prior preparations, but it is essential to inform the doctor of all medications, herbs, vitamins, and dietary supplements being taken.

• What is the normal level of Alpha-Fetoprotein in the body?

The normal level of Alpha-Fetoprotein in non-pregnant females and males is between 0 - 40 nanograms/ml, while during pregnancy between weeks 15 - 20, it ranges from 10 - 150 nanograms/ml. 

Abnormal levels usually indicate health disorders, although during pregnancy, they may indicate:

1. You are having multiples, such as twins.
2. Your due date was miscalculated.

Therefore, the doctor may request further tests to diagnose or rule out conditions if the levels are abnormal.

• What does an elevated Alpha Fetoprotein level mean?

An elevated Alpha Fetoprotein level in pregnant women beyond the usual range indicates fetal neural tube defects such as spina bifida. 

In males and non-pregnant females, elevated levels are associated with certain health disorders, although a slight elevation may be normal. The conditions associated with elevated levels include:

1. Ovarian, testicular, liver, stomach, pancreatic, or biliary tract cancer.
2. Liver cirrhosis.
3. Liver cancer.
4. Malignant teratoma.

• What does a decreased Alpha Fetoprotein level mean?

A decreased level of this protein in pregnant women usually indicates a genetic disorder in the fetus, such as Down syndrome.

You can perform this test offered by Blazma under the name Alpha Fetoprotein (AFB) test, which does not require any prior preparation.